| 论文导读：第三届全国英语演讲比赛冠军梁励敏在演讲“Arebusesbetterthancars?”时这样开头：IsnotowningaprivatecaradreamthatisdeeplyrootedinanyChineseforyearstime?Isn’tittruethatindevelopedcountries,carshavealreadybecomeanindispensablepartofeveryone’slife?Ithinkweareallfamiliarwiththesceneinthewesternmovieswhenthewholefamilygoesoutonacartrip.Whentheparentssitatthefrontandthechildrenattheback.Andisn’tthatindeedaveryharmoniouspicture?这一连串的发问能紧紧抓住听众。结尾的主要方法有以下几种方式。即兴演讲虽然是即兴而发。
关键词：英语演讲比赛，即兴演讲，方法
即兴演讲是指演讲者在事先没有准备或者没有充分准备的情况下进行的临时性演讲。即兴演讲除了需要多方面的知识素养外，还需要敏捷的思维能力，快速的语言表达能力以及应变能力。在英语演讲比赛中，即兴演讲部分是最具有挑战性的部分,也最能体现参赛者的真实英语水平。本文将通过分析历届“21世纪杯”全国大学生英语演讲比赛中优秀选手的即兴演讲，分析优秀演讲者需要掌握的语言表达及应变方法,提出在英语即兴演讲中需要注意的事项及应对方法, 以期为选手提供建议和帮助.
1.方法
1.1结构
对于议论文形式的即兴演讲话题来说，不能够随性而为,一般要求演讲者思路清晰,在即兴演讲前必须构建好演讲的整个框架结构。优秀的选手通常采用总—分—总的结构，即提出论点——支持论点——总结论点。现以第十一届全国英语演讲比赛冠军曹丰的即兴演讲话题为例.他的题目是: Now in the age of theInternet, reading books does not seem as important as it once was. Do you thinkpeople can learn as much on the Internet as they can by reading books? Whichmethod do you prefer? 他是这样开头的：“Actually, I don’t agree with the first sentence of thistopic:‘in the age of theInternet, reading books is not as important as it was once’”. 接下来分析原因，最后做出总结：“So in this age ofInternet, in this age of modernization, in this age of civilization, why do youhave to force someone to choose between Internet and books? I prefer using bothof them.”
1.2开头
瑞士作家温克勒说:“开场白有二项任务:一是建立说者与听者的同感;二是如字义所释,打开场面,引入正题。”总的来说,开头应简短并能抓住听众的兴趣。开头一般有以下几种方法.
1.2.1开门见山，直切主题。
这种开场的方式单刀直人，能够直奔演讲主题，通过简洁的语言，开门见山，直切主题能迅速吸引听众的注意。
1.2.2 设问式
演讲者一开始就提出一个或几个令人出乎意料的问题，能够迅速地唤起听众的兴趣和注意力，引发人们的深思，自然地激发听众的参与意识，缩短与听众的距离。采用设问开头的方式，关键在于问题要提得好，提得恰当。提问的信息要与后面阐述的问题联系紧密，能巧妙而自然地引出演讲的主体内容。第三届全国英语演讲比赛冠军梁励敏在演讲 “Are buses better thancars?” 时这样开头：Is not owning a privatecar a dream that is deeply rooted in any Chinese for years time? Isn’t it truethat in developed countries, cars have already become an indispensable part ofeveryone’s life? I think we are all familiar with the scene in the westernmovies when the whole family goes out on a car trip. When the parents sit atthe front and the children at the back. And isn’t that indeed a very harmoniouspicture? 这一连串的发问能紧紧抓住听众。
1.2.3 引用式
在演讲的开始引用名人名言、诗句等，以提出问题或论证自己的观点。例如第十二届全国英语演讲比赛冠军的即兴演讲是这样开头的：
“When I am dead, my dearest,
Sing no sad songs for me.
Plant thou no roses at my head,
No shady cypress tree.
Be the green grass above me
with showers and dewdrops wet.
And, if thou wilt, remember.
And, if thou wilt, forget. ”
她引用这首诗来说明“死亡并不恐怖，对于很多人来说死亡是美好的”。
1.2.4 讲述故事法
以一个故事，一则新闻或自己的一次经历引出演讲的主题，容易吸引听众的注意力，激发听众的兴趣。用故事开头，需要做到叙事简明扼要，所用事例要有针对性，所叙事情要与中心论题密切相关。最后还要回到主题上来，对所述故事进行升华。如第十二届全国英语演讲比赛季军杨赫在即兴演讲“What is self-esteem? Howshould you improve your self-esteem?”中这样说到：“In traditional Chinese classics,there was a man, who was starved to death who still refused to take the foodthat was offered to him, using some rude words. In modern western literature,there is a woman, named Jane Eyre, who refused to marry Edward Rochester, whenhe looked down upon her. What do they have in common? Why do we respect them somuch? That is because of their strong self-esteem.”
1.3 结尾
俗话说“编筐编篓，重在收口；描龙画凤，难在点睛”。演讲的结尾，就是演讲的“收口”、“点睛”。好的结尾除了能揭示题旨、加深认识，给听众留下完整深刻的印象外还能使整个演讲通篇浑然一体；另外好的结尾能够鼓动激情、促人深思、令人觉醒，能让听众在反复回味中受到教育和启发。结尾的主要方法有以下几种方式。
1.3.1总结
总结法就是以简洁的语言扼要地概括前面所讲述的内容，以便给听众留下一个完整、清晰而深刻的印象。这种结尾能够概括和点化主旨，起到提醒、强调的作用。大多数选手在即兴演讲时都是以这种方式结尾的。第十二届全国英语演讲比赛第四名黎志敏演讲时这样结尾 “In conclusion, I want tosay that we only have one earth and we should spare no effort to make our eartha better place and to steer our earth for the better.”
1.3.2发出号召，促人行动
这种方式以强烈的情感，听众提出希望，以达到鼓舞斗志，促其行动的目的。第十二届全国英语演讲比赛第九名邓凯琪在演讲“The main benefits andproblems of globalization”时这样结尾“Ladies and gentlemen, don’t let globalization affect how yousee our culture. But then use this opportunity, use this chance to treasure ourculture even more, because it is facing the challenges of globalization.” 这种结尾的方式是演讲者用深刻的认识和独到的见解向听众提希望、发号召，能使听众，精神为之一振，具有动人情、促人行的作用。
1.3.3巧引名言，让人回味
通过引用名言、警句、谚语、格言、诗句等作为结尾，不仅使语言表达得精炼、生动、富有节奏和韵律，而且还可以使演讲的内容丰富充实，具有启发性并增加感召力。第十三届全国英语演讲比赛第六名孙怡在演讲“Share with us yourunderstanding of‘Either you’re somebody or you ain’t nobody’”时这样结尾 “I want to end my speech with one ofMichael Jordan’s famous words “it’s not how hard you push yourself or your way;it’s something in you. You think you have to finish it.” 用名言式结尾，能给演讲者的思想提供有力的证明增加演讲的可信度，显得更加优美、含蓄，睿智大气，具有较强的说服力和鼓舞作用。论文发表。论文发表。
1.3.4以问作结，启发思考
以问句结尾有两种表现形式，一是提出问题引人深思，二是以反问的方式作总结。第九届全国英语演讲比赛冠军洪晔在演讲“Should there be limits onhow we display our love in public? What do you think is the best way to expressyour feelings in public?”时这样结尾：“And the best scene in my mind to show our love in public, isthat we lay on the grass land in my campus, and I read a part of Jane Eyre tohim, and he read a part of Oliver Twist to me. Don’ t you think it is aromantic scene for the young lovers to show their love to each other?”
1.3临场应变
第七届全国英语演讲比赛“最具潜力选手奖”获得者张勇被问及“Should college students beallowed to get married?”时，这样答道：“Thank you for your question and I think it’s really a goodquestion to show how fast the society is developing. I still remember that lastyear the contestant number twenty-four, also today’s host, were asked about aquestion that what qualities you look for in a boyfriend. And only a year laterhere I am asked: Should college students be allowed to get married? I think thesociety is really developing…”他的随机应变带来的幽默博得了阵阵掌声与笑声。
另一位选手在回答“传统好还是现代科技好”时，他表示传统更好。正巧这时话筒架出问题了，男主持人只得为那名选手举着话筒让他发言。选手见状立即补充一句：“这充分说明传统更加可靠”。他的机敏回答也得到了评委和观众的认可。
2准备
中国有句古语：“熟读唐诗三千首，不会吟诗也会吟。”这充分说明了先有输入，才可能输出。即兴演讲虽然是即兴而发，却与平时的积累息息相关。
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