| 幽默风趣的说话方式常常引人捧腹大笑，给听话人留下深刻的印象。其适应面比较广：既适应成绩好的学生，也适应成绩差的学生；既适合中小学的未成年学生，也适合中专大学各层次的成年学生；既适合智力较好，反应较灵敏的学生，也适合智商不太高，反应不太灵敏的学生。可以在课堂上造成活跃的气氛，可以让学生在课堂上和其他场合谈话中始终保持清醒兴奋的头脑。这是因为幽默往往提及日常生活中司空见惯，尽人皆知的事情，并且在说话方式上极尽各种比喻、讽刺、夸张之能事。因而其谈话对绝大多数学生来说语境效果较好，产生较大关联，给人留下深刻印象。如琼酱玉液，甘甜可口、回味无穷；如美妙音乐之余音绕梁，三日不绝。此种说话方式，用于课堂，可以活跃课堂气氛，提高学习效果。用于生活中或教育、开导过程中谈话可以使听话学生心情舒畅，易于接受，更好地交心谈心，缩短师生心理距离，改善师生关系。
3.2 关联理论与清楚准确、直言不讳、实事求是，以事论事的会话的关系。
让我们看一看下面的例子。
Many students in adult education colleges felt frustrated when they thought that even the students in Regular Institutions of Higher Education cannot find a job.
One day a student came to ask the advice of their teacher: “Many students in Regular Institutions of Higher Education cannot find a job, how can we get a job after graduation and is it a waste of time to study here any longer.”
“Yes, it is usually more difficult for you to find a good job. But some students in the regular colleges and universities are just idling away their time when they get the admission to a higher education school, they seldom study as seriously as before. How can they make progress? Some of them are certainly no good students as you. And employers will not just pay attention to diplomas; instead they will pay more attention to practical abilities. Many postgraduates including candidates for masterate and candidates for doctorate never came in any kinds of universities or colleges as a regular student, but they got their diplomas of higher education and the qualification as a regular full-time postgraduates through other ways, and finally acquired their master’s or doctor’s degree. Besides, you will not go back to your former middle schools and try to pass the entrance examinations for colleges again because I guess most of you don’t have the courage, and I think it is not quite necessary, too…” The teacher told them patiently and objectively.
Then the student turned away calmly and satisfied.
Some teachers may answer them like this: “who said you cannot find a job. The employment rate of our students is one hundred percent, and I am sure you can all find jobs after graduation. Don’t worry about it. Don’t fike about your self.…”
The students won’t trust this kind of teachers because they will be suspicious about what the teachers say. They are not idiots, cannot be as easily cheated as children.
本例中的教师实际是本人自己，这是为什么学生喜欢本人而不喜欢他们认为虚伪的教师，能和我打成一片的原因所在。
由于成人学生有一定的知识水平，生活阅历、社会经验、智力发育比较健全，因经有较强的判断能力和独立思考能力，而如上所述，听话人的自身素质是语境效果好坏的一个决定因素，所以对他们的教育最好是推心置腹，实事求是，直言不讳。那种哄小孩子的方法，在这个时候不容易奏效。比如说大话吓唬人，说假话骗人，利用教师的权压征服学生，利用学生对老师的信任欺骗学生。有较强的判断能力的成年学生一般能识别出来真假和老师的用意。教师在教育学生时首先不要和学生保持不必要的心理距离，应和学生打成一片，对学生作深入细致的了解，了解学生的情况，洞察社会现实及发展方向。上文已经提到语境是关联理论的十分重要的概念，它包括语言外知识和语言知识两部分。当教师的首先要学好语言，对语言要有准确的把握，有扎实的语言基本功和有较强的表达能力和表达艺术。这是一种对事物信息进行编码的艺术。这是构成语境组成部分之一的语言知识的很重要的内容。而对社会，对学生各方面的情况的了解则构成语境语言外知识即相互知识和背景知识的一部分。这些语境也可以称为主观语境和客观语境[4]。在作为明示推理交际的语言交际中，我们始终根据关联性来处理信息。语境概括地讲就是一种内容丰富的信息，如果说话者所提供的信息与听话者所关注的信息无关，听话者就会置之不理。 2/4 首页 上一页 1 2 3 4 下一页 尾页 |
