| 形态学观察主要适用于成龄的果树品种，鉴定的周期长，并且易受环境因素的影响，结果可靠性差；染色体变异数量与结构的检测，受染色体制片技术和分辨率的限制，核型分析应用于芽变鉴定还有一定的难度，尤其是对于大多数具有小染色体和结构差异较小的果树来说无法达到鉴别的目的；孢粉学鉴定芽变需要结合电镜分析，制样方法同样受到影响，并且即使同一品种内花粉粒之间也存在个体差异，因此必须结合其它指标进行综合分析才能提高其可靠性；同功酶分析相对稳定和可靠，但由于受组织器官特异性和发育阶段特异性的影响，使得其在实际应用中也受到一定程度的限制。随着分子标记技术的出现与发展，使得果树品种（系）的鉴定直接在DNA分子水平上进行，这在很大程度上提高了突变鉴定的效率，因此应用越来越广泛。金勇丰等最早利用RAPD标记分析桃品种“布目早生”和其早熟芽变“大观1号”基因组DNA多态性，筛选出1个引物可检测出两者间的多态性。Scott等第一次成功地采用AFLP技术鉴别了葡萄的体细胞变异，64对引物组合中有2对可产生特异片段,它们可以区分亲本与体细胞变异。LuisGoulo等曾用RAPD和AFLP标记对41个苹果的芽变品种进行了鉴定，并得到两种标记是相关的；CaiYL等利用RAPD鉴定了樱桃芽变，得到除“红灯”之外其他品种的一条或更多的特征谱带；鲁风娟等将AFLP技术应用于梨芽变的鉴定，得到AFLP技术可以高效率的鉴定梨芽变。并取得了成功。但是，在通常情况下，由于体细胞的变异只涉及了基因组极其微小的部分，利用较少的标记检测基因组相当小的范围，往往得不到所需的标记。例如，Tignon在苹果变异品种的鉴定中，使用6对AFLP引物组合就没能区别变异品种和其母本品种。本研究应用54对AFLP标记和20对SRAP标记成功鉴定出了南果以及考密斯的色泽变异种（系），但是红安久及其绿色变异系却无法区分开，分析其原因可能是所使用的引物不足，而无法检测到变异位点，因此，更多引物的开发和利用对于突变体的鉴定是十分重要的。
3.2不同分子标记的鉴别效率
近20年来，分子标记技术发展较为迅速，数目类型繁多，应用于突变鉴定的标记先后有RFLP、RAPD、SSR、AFLP、SRAP等。RFLP由于涉及到分子杂交等试验条件的限制，其应用的范围并不广泛。RAPD和AFLP标记在突变鉴定中应用较多，Monte-Corvo的研究表明RAPD标记和AFLP标记都适合于鉴定梨芽变，但是相比较AFLP标记可检测到更高的多态性，结果更有重复性和可靠性。已有的多数研究表明，SSR标记难以应用于芽变品种的鉴别。Yamamoto等曾利用9对SSR引物对二十世纪及其芽变(金二十世纪、奥嗄金二十世纪)、巴梨及其芽变红巴梨进行分析，均无法区分原种及其芽变；曹玉芬等也曾利用12对SSR引物以鉴别鸭梨及其垂枝型芽变‘垂枝鸭梨’和四倍体倍性芽变‘晋县大鸭梨’、南果梨及其大果型芽变‘大南果’，结果也是失败的。路娟曾利用SSR标记鉴定新高及其黄皮绿枝型芽变‘大果水晶’，黄花及其大果型芽变‘大果黄花’，考密斯及其浓红芽变品种‘红考密斯’，均无法区分原种及其芽变。SRAP标记是Li等发明的一种新的标记类型，目前在果树芽变鉴定中的应用还较少。张四普等筛选了600对SRAP引物组合，获得了红花石榴与白花变异枝中的1个差异条带。从本研究结果来看，AFLP和SRPA两种标记均适合于梨突变类型的鉴定，但从揭示的多态性来说，AFLP标记效率高于SRPA标记。这可能是因为AFLP标记在一次反应中可检测的位点数明显高于SRAP标记。可见，到目前为止AFLP标记仍不失为检测突变体的首选方案。
4结论
本研究利用AFLP标记和SRAP标记成功鉴定出了南果、考密斯的色泽变异品种（系），并得到南果、红考密斯、早红考密斯和早红考密斯绿色变异系的特征谱带；红安久及其绿色变异系没有被区分开。与SRAP标记相比，AFLP标记对芽变鉴定的效率更高。
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