论文导读:图表作文写作的第一步是要读图。英语四级图表作文并不是难以把握,无从下笔。
关键词:英语四级,图表作文,四步法
纵观历年大学英语四级作文考题,我们可以发现图表作文已经成为出题人的一个重要的备选题型。从1987~2007年以来,图表作文出现过两次(91.6 /2002.6),但从2006年12月正式实行四级新题型后,作文形式趋于多样化,也就是说图表作文完全有可能会再次出现在以后的四级考试中,因此考生应当给予必要的重视。图表作文,顾名思义,就是列出表格或者给出各种图形的作文。图表中包含大量的信息,有直接也有隐含的,有时考生很难正确的挖掘出题人的意图,同时考生对图表作文的写作要求也不甚了解,所以给考生的写作造成一定的难度。本文试通过举出一个实例,将图表作文写作归纳为以下四步:读、编、写、查,以使考生能在考场上可以进行实战演练。实例作文提纲如下:
(1) state the changes in people’s diet(饮食)in the past five years;
(2) give possible reasons for the changes;
(3) draw your own conclusions.
You should quote as few figures aspossible.
Year Food |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
Grain |
49% |
47% |
46.5% |
45% |
45% |
Milk |
10% |
11% |
11% |
12% |
13% |
Meat |
17% |
20% |
22.5% |
23% |
21% |
Fruit and Vegetables |
24% |
22% |
20% |
20% |
21% |
Total |
100% |
100% |
100% |
100% |
100% |
一 读
图表作文写作的第一步是要读图。读图成功与否可以说决定了整篇作文写作的成败。首先要分辨出图表的类型,一般来说图表可分为五种:曲线图(graph)、表图(table)、草图(chart)、画图(picture)、漫画(cartoon)。发表论文。显而易见,上述实例中给出的是表图。其次,要读懂图表中重要的信息,尤其是隐含的信息,这对写好作文是至关重要的。从实例中我们可以看出,从1986年至1990年人们的饮食结构发生很大变化,milk 和meat 的消费量基本上是逐年上升趋势,而grain 和fruit and vegetables的消费是逐年下降趋势。发表论文。这是图表中反应的直观信息,在读图过程中必须要读出,而且要有这样的概括能力。最后,提纲中明确要写出这种直观变化的原因,这才是图表隐含的最重要信息。从图表中没有任何数字能直接说明变化原因,在这种情况下读图能力强的考生很快挖掘出变化背后的原因:milk和meat一般营养较丰富且价格较高而grain, fruit and vegetables一般较价廉,因此人们的收入增加而购买能力增强,能够消费这些价格高的食物,同时前者有营养,说明人们在饮食结构上更注重营养丰富的食物。通过读图这一环节,我们不仅能为图表信息转化为文字信息做好准备,更重要的是在写作阶段会杜绝跑题偏题的严重问题。
二 编
读完图后,第二步就是编写作文提纲。编写提纲的要求是根据图表中表现出的直接信息和间接信息,可以用词组也可以用句子快速写下信息,可以用汉语也可以用英语。草拟提纲时,要紧紧围绕提示句,尤其是提示句的关键词,尽量多地扩展提示句所提供的信息,从而基本构筑出文章的框架。在上述实例中,第一段提示句为描述过去五年中人们饮食结构的变化,可扩展出milk and milk的消费量上升,meat from 10% to 13 % ,milk from 17%to21% ,grain 和fruit and vegetables消费量下降 ,,grain from 49% to 45%,fruit and vegetables from 24% to 21%
第二段可以扩展出 收入高,afford to buy milk and meat, pay much more attention to nutritious food such as milk and meat.第三段要求写结论,可以扩展出人们生活水平提高,饮食结构合理化,theirlife will become better and better。这样一个三段式的作文提纲就构筑起来了。构思时要把读图阶段获得的信息加以归类,放入每一段的提纲中,编写提纲不要求必须用汉语或英语,也不要求写出的英语句子表达符合语法,因为这阶段还不是正式写作阶段,而只是为写作阶段做好充分准备的一个不可或缺的步骤。
三 写
这一步是写作成文阶段。读图和编好提纲后,可以把每一个提纲中的英语或汉语的词组或零散句子扩展成符合语法规则的句子,组成一个完整、连贯、统一的段落。把每一段落进行整合,同时要注意段落之间的承接和过度,此时一篇四级作文基本上就完整地表现出来了。在这一阶段,尤为要注意一些图表作文的惯用表达法。对于实例中图表作文的起始句可以表述成: From the table we can see that there havebeen a lot of changes in people’s diet in the past five years.
类似的表达方式还有很多,试举例如下:
1 As is shown in thetable, there have been a lot of changes in people’s diet in the past fiveyears.
2 According to thetable, we can find that there have been a lot of changes in people’s diet in thepast five years.
3 It can be concluded/ seen from the tablethat there have been a lot of changes in people’s diet in the past five years.
4 The table given here shows/ explains/suggests/indicates/ demonstrates that there have been a lot of changes in people’s dietin the past five years.
5 From the statistics given in the tableit can be seen that there have been a lot of changes inpeople’s diet in the past five years.
6 It is obvious in the table that therehave been a lot of changes in people’s diet in the past five years.
图表作文往往有一定数量关系的变化,对于如何用英语正确、地道地表达出来也是值得我们注意的一个问题。实例中对于变化趋势可以这么表达:
The greatest changeoccurs in grain consumption, which has dropped from 49% in 1986 to 45% in 1990 in total food consumption. The second greatest change is in milk consumption, which increased from 10% in 1986 to 13% in 1990. But on the other hand, two trends can beobserved in the consumption of meat and fruit and vegetables. From 1986 to1989, meat consumption increased from 17% to 23% while that of fruit and vegetablesdropped from 24% to 20%. From 1989 to 1990, meat consumption dropped a littleto 21%, while that of fruit and vegetables increased a little to 21%。
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