| 例(4) : If there is anyone out there who still doubtsthat America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if thedream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power ofour democracy, tonight is youranswer.
例(5) : And to those Americans whose support Ihave yet to earn, I may not have won your vote tonight, but I hear your voices.I need your help. And I will be your president, too.
例(6) : Andto all those watching tonight from beyond our shores, from parliaments andpalaces, to those who are huddledaround radios in the forgotten corners of the world, our stories are singular,but our destiny is shared, and a new dawn of American leadership is at hand.
（四）词汇衔接
词汇衔接是指通过词汇的选择产生的照应关系。词汇衔接主要通过重复、同义词、反义词、词汇同现等词汇手段来连接语篇, 体现语篇的语义关系, 达到语义连贯。
例(7) : And, above all, I will ask you to join in thework of remaking this nation, the only way it’s been done in America for 221years — block by block, brick by brick, calloused hand by calloused hand.
例(8) : To those who would tear the world down: Wewill defeat you. To those who seek peace and security: We support you.
例(9) : Andtonight, I think about all that she’s seen throughout her century in America —the heartache and the hope; the struggle and the progress;
三、利用句式、修辞手段增强言外之力
从塞尔对于言语行为理论的发展我们知道, 属于同一类的所有言语行为都有同样的目的或意图, 但是它们在表达的力度上却不同。要表达强烈的感情, 宜用言外之力较强的语句, 以取得明显的效果。总统获选感言是国家领导者对于全国民众的讲话, 内容涉及政治, 发表场合较严肃, 奥巴马在演说时就采用了多种手段谋求言外之力。
（一）慎重选用句式
例(10) : This is our chance to answer that call. This is our moment.This is ourtime, to put our people back to work and open doors of opportunity for ourkids; to restore prosperity and promote the cause of peace; to reclaim theAmerican dream and reaffirm that fundamental truth, that,out of many, we are one; that while we breathe, we hope. And where we are metwith cynicism and doubts and those who tell us that we can’t, we will respondwith that timeless creed that sums up the spirit of a people: Yes, we can.
这句话属于指使类言语行为，奥巴马讲这句话旨在促使听众迅速行动起来，迎接挑战。这种语气强烈的排比句式也表现烘托了奥巴马自己在面临艰巨挑战时毫不畏缩的坚强决心。
（二）诉诸修辞手段
总统获选感言的主要目的在于赢得听众对新一届政府的拥护支持, 激起听众的热情, 说服听众接受其政治主张并采取相应的行动。奥巴马在其获选感言中使用了大量的修辞手段, 如排比、反复、对偶、头韵等, 使其演说更具有说服力, 有强烈的煽动性。以“反复”这一修辞手段为例说明。现代英语和现代汉语都常用反复来表现强烈的情感, 表示越来越加剧的紧迫感, 强调某种事物的意义, 因此反复被认为是一种重要的修辞手段。反复就是反复使用同一个词、句或段落, 借以加强语气和感情, 增强语言的感染力。奥巴马在获选感言中就多次重复利用“Yes, we can ”这句美国式信条, 被重复七次之多, 足以感染美国人, 使他们认识到发展和改革对于美国的必要性和总统力促改革成功的决心。
（三）名言、历史典故等的巧妙引用
奥巴马在此次当选的获选感言中引用了林肯一句融合两党党派政见之争的名言，“we are not ennemies but friends.”并且呼吁“Let’s remember that it was a man from this state who firstcarried the banner of the Republican Party to the White House, a party foundedon the values of self-reliance and individual liberty and national unity.”较为巧妙地化解了因民主党当选而易激起共和党排挤的尴尬，为其未来的执政之路开辟了良好环境。
四、结语
本文基于奥斯汀和塞尔的言语行为理论, 对奥巴马的获选感言进行了分析，指出作为演说这类意图性、目的性很强的文体，需要借助不同于一般文体的表现手法和言语手段，才能达到预期效果，引起听众强烈共鸣，完成其附着于言语之上的政治目的。
参考文献
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[2] 刘振聪,杨莉芳.言语行为理论批判:继承与嬗变[J ].天津外国语学院学报,2006,(3).
[3] Verschueren J.UnderstandingPragmatics[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000:24.
[4] 王佐良,丁往道.英语文体学引论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1987:225.
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