| 比较下列八个句子：
(34) The cloud is dark and low, it is going to pour down.
(35) Having worked for 5 weeks, he will finish the task in these two
days.
(36) I will go to the airport and see my friend off this morning.
(37) I am going to decorate my son’s room with bright colors.
(38) I have some important things to do, Mum, and I am coming to
have supper at 6:00p.m.
(39) I am leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.
(40) The plane takes off at 10: 00 a.m.
(41) The prime minister is to give a speech on TV at 9: 00 a.m.
tomorrow.
通过上面的比较就会发现：前两个句子表示预测性意义，使用的是表示预测性意义的将来表达式will/shall和be going to；后面五个句子表示的是非预测性意义，使用的是表示非预测性意义的将来表达式：will/shall、be going to、be to、一般现在体和现在进行体。
表示预测性意义时, will/shall和be going to是有区别的。比较下面三个句子：
(42) Don’t worry. The storm will stop soon and we’ll get home before the Spring Festival.
(43) Look at the watery stones! It’s going to rain soon.
(44) The ladder is going. I’m going to fall.
从以上的比较可以看出：表示预测性意义时，will/shall侧重于说话者根据经验做出主观推测,而be going to侧重于说话者根据已有的事实或迹象做出客观推测。
同样，表示非预测性意义时，will（shall）和be going to也是有区别的。比较下列句子：
(45) “I left my form on the desk.”
“Don’t worry. I’ll copy one for you.”
(46) “Why are you going to the train station 2:00p.m.?”
“I’m going to see my friend off to shanghai.”
(47) A: I have bought a new computer and I’m going to sell the old
one that hasn’t worked for a long time.
B: ？I have bought a new computer and I’ll sell the old one
that hasn’t worked for a long time. （？表示不成立）
从比较的内容我们可以得出：在表示非预测性意义时，be going to表示的是话语前的打算，即事先经过考虑的将来要做的事情。而will（shall）表示的是话语时的打算，是主语临时决定要做的事情。
同样表示非预测性意义，不仅will（shall）和be going to在语义上有区别，be going to、be to、现在进行体与现在一般体在语义上也各有差别。比较下列句子：
(48) We are going to see a film this Friday evening.
(49) The clerk is coming to deliver a bottle of water.
(50) Next term begins on Sep. 1st.
(51) The president is to speak on TV tomorrow morning.
由此我们知道：be going to与现在进行体比较接近，它们一般以主语为情态中心，所表示的计划或打算较为随便，被改变的可能性比较大。相比之下，be going to所表示的意义被改变的可能性比现在进行体更大，因为它比较接近于说话时刻，较易作出改变。
be to与现在一般现在体在语义上比较接近，它们一般以外界权威为情态中心，所表示的计划或安排非常慎重，一般情况下不能随意改变。不过，相比之下，be to更侧重于对外公布或宣布现定的计划或安排。如：
(52)The minister meets/is to meet union officials in the Great Hall of
the People tomorrow morning.
现在进行体与现在一般体在语义上的差别也比较明显，现在进行体表示临时的计划或安排，现在一般体则强调计划或安排的既定性和不可更改性。譬如：
(53)A: The plane takes off at 8:50 p.m. tonight.
B: The plane is taking off at 8:50 p.m. tonight.
a句表示飞机航班时间表中规定的飞机起飞时间，一般不能随意更改。b句表示的则可能是飞机因故晚点后重新作出的时间安排。
从以上内容可以得出：表示预测性意义时，will/shall侧重于说话者根据经验做出主观推测,而be going to侧重于说话者根据已有的事实或迹象做出客观推测；表示非预测性意义时，will（shall）表示的是话语时的打算，其它四种形式表示话语前的打算，其中be going to倾向于事先经过考虑的将来要做的事情，be to侧重于对外公布或宣布现定的计划或安排，现在进行体表示临时的计划或安排，现在一般体则强调计划或安排的既定性和不可更改性。而且，在表示非预测性意义时，句子所使用的是那些与人类的意志有关且能够被人类控制的动词。
2.2.2 话语时将来表达式与话语前将来表达式的认知教学
话语时将来表达式与话语前将来表达式的认知教学是从时间起点的角度对其实施的教学。它们的认知规律就是将来与现在联系的时间起点，因而可以以时间起点为切入点来掌握他们。比较下列五个句子：
(54) We are going to the park for a walk, will you join us?
(55) Why are you reading these books? I am going to study table
tennis.
(56) The plane to Beijing is taking off at 3: 20 p.m.
(57) The day after tomorrow is Friday.
(58) The President is to visit China next year.
从以上表达式可以看出，除第一句表示的将来是话语时将来外，其它四句表示的将来都是话语前将来。也就是说，在五种常用的表达式中，只有will（shall）表示话语时将来，其它的四种表达式表示话语前将来,例如:
(59) Husband: This bread is absolutely tasteless! I wish we could have home-made bread.
Wife: All right. I will start making it. I will get a book about home baking today, and from now on I will bake all our bread.
(60) A: Why are you taking down all the pictures?
B: I’m going to repaper the room.
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