现有文献对漂绿治理措施的讨论较少,理论界尚未探寻到抑制漂绿的有效机制。一些学者认为制度设计在抑制漂绿方面起到基础性的作用。杨波研究政府漂绿规制手段时发现英美已经有规范企业绿色宣传的相关立法,但收效甚微[29]。Lyon把NGO监督作为变量纳入经济模型,结果表明对漂绿行为的“集体愤怒”可以促使环境影响显著的企业信息披露更加透明,但是在“清洁行业”中却起到相反的效果。Lyon的进一步研究发现,如果把环境管理系统(EMS)、强制性信息披露、NGO监督联合起来,可起到明显的抑制漂绿效果,但目前EMS不规范、缺乏强制性信息披露标准等降低了这种联合机制的作用[6]。Parguel基于归因理论研究发现可持续性评级对制止漂绿有一定作用[30],不过可持续评级机制目前尚未经受严格的实践检验。Wasik认为罚款是对付“漂绿”的一个有效手段,目前加拿大就把罚款作为应对漂绿的主要措施[31]。但是根据黄中伟的博弈模型,要使机会主义企业自主选择不漂绿,那么对漂绿企业的处罚额度必须大于企业通过虚假绿色营销获得的利润。问题是企业漂绿的利润一般难以衡量,目前各国政府对漂绿的经济处罚力度普遍较低。Kirchhoff提出要确立一个恰当的外部标签系统,标签的作用联合一个合适的对欺骗的罚款机制,能够阻止“漂绿”[32]。新近的研究却表明,绿色标签成了新的漂绿工具,而且因为标签制度缺乏有效的监督与约束机制,漂绿行为继续发展有可能使公众产生对整个环境标志体系的不信任。
4 结论及建议
在环境危机与能源危机日益加剧的背景下,绿色浪潮兴起并迅速发展,然而一些组织却机会主义地利用人们的环保价值观,漂绿自己的形象。国内外学者从不同角度提出了漂绿行为的六大驱动因素,并探讨了漂绿现象对消费者、企业以及绿色市场发展的危害,进而阐述了行政手段、经济手段和标签制度等在治理漂绿方面的作用,研究成果丰硕。
漂绿行为伴随了环境问题出现的整个过程,不仅对人类道德体系形成了冲击,也严重影响到可持续发展战略的实施,针对漂绿行为的研究有必要继续深入下去。对企业漂绿动机和特点的研究应在现有基础上根据企业规模、类别和属性进行细化;在防范漂绿的措施方面,理论界应该探寻到更合理有效的机制,以为现实中的反漂绿行动提供指导;另外实证研究有待丰富。
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